: -*- html -*- updated: 2013-04-02 05:27:05+02 created: 1998-02-25 author: zrajm year: 1998-2013 lang: en script: sorttable.js up: .. A Quick Reference to Adverbials in Klingon ========================================== The following is a list of all the regular adverbials in Klingon.

Klingon	English	Source
{batlh}	<>	[TKD, TKW]
{batlhHa'}	<>	[TKW, KGT]
{bong}	<>	[TKD]
{chaq}	<>	[TKD, TKW]
{cha'logh}	<>	[TKD]
{chIch}	<>	[TKD]
{DaH}	<>	[TKD]
{Do'}	<>	[TKD]
{Do'Ha'}	<>	[KGT]
{ghaytan}	<>	[TKDa]
{ghaytanHa'}	<>	[Radio Times]
{ghIq}	<>	[HQ 8:3]
{Hochlogh}	<>	[KGT]
{jaS}	<>	[TKDa]
{loQ}	<>	[TKD, TKW]
{motlh}	<>	[KGT]
{nIteb}	<>	[TKDa, TKW]
{nItebHa'}	<>	[BoP]
{nom}	<>	[TKD, TKW]
{not}	<>	[TKD, TKW]
{ngugh}	<>	[News 1999-11-05]
{paghlogh}	<>	[KGT]
{pay'}	<>	[TKD]
{pe'vIl}	<>	[TKDa, TKW]
{pIj}	<>	[TKD, TKW, KGT]
{pIjHa'}	<>	[KGT]
{qen}	<>	[News 1999-03-02]
{QIt}	<>	[TKD]
{reH}	<>	[TKD, TKW]
{roD}	<>	[KGT]
{rut}	<>	[TKD, TKW, KGT]
{SIbI'}	<>	[TKDa]
{tagha'}	<>	[News 1999-11-05]
{tugh}	<>	[TKD]
{tlhoS}	<>	[KGT]
{tlhoy}	<>	[HQ 8:3]
{vaj}	<>	[TKD, TKW]
{wa'logh}	<>	[TKD]
{wej}	<>	[TKD, TKW]

Most commonly adverbials are come at the very beginning of a sentence (though occasionally an adverbial can be preceded by other stuff, such as a time element). [TKD 5.4, TKDa 6.7]

{nom Soppu'}	<>
{DaHjaj nom Soppu'}	<>

Adverbials are also quite commonly used as exclamations, and then work sentences in their own right. E.g.: {wej} <>, {nom} <>, {nIteb} <> [TKD 5.4] And, finally, if an object is topicalized with the {-'e'} suffix, then the adverbial can come after the object noun. [TKDa 6.7]

{HaqwI' yISam}	<>
{DaH HaqwI' yISam}	<>
{HaqwI''e' yISam}	<surgeon!>>
{HaqwI''e' DaH yISam}	<surgeon now!>>

There are also two special adverbials ({jay'} <> and {neH} <>) that, syntactically, work differently than the rest of the adverbials.¹

Klingon	English	Placement	Source
{jay'}	<>	At the end of a sentence	[TKDa 5.4]
{neH}	<>	Follows a verb or noun it modifies	[TKD 5.4, TKW]

{jay'} is always placed last in the sentence an has the effect of intensifying it.

{tIbach}	<>
{tIbach jay'}	<>

When {neH} comes after a verb it has the effect of trivializing it.

{vIqIppu'}	<>
{vIqIppu' neH}	<>
{Duj yIQotlh}	<>
{Duj yIQotlh neH}	<>

The use of {neH} in the previous example implies that the ship should be disabled, but not damaged further.² Alone among the adverbials {neH} can also be used to modify the meaning of a noun, it then comes after the noun, and means <>

{yaS neH}	<>
{jonta' neH}	<>

Finally adverbials to indicate repetitions are created using a number plus the suffix {-logh}. This is not limited to the examples in the above list ({wa'logh} <> and {cha'logh} <>), but may be used creatively with any number:

{vIbachpu'}	<>
{wa'logh vIbachpu'}	<>
{cha'logh vIbachpu'}	<>
{wa'maHlogh vIbachpu'}	<>
{loS'maH cha'logh vIbachpu'}	<>

There are also two adverbials which may be viewed as special cases of {-logh}. These are {paghlogh} <> (from {pagh} meaning <> or <>) and {Hochlogh} <> (from {Hoch} meaning <> or <>). These mean the same thing as {not} <> and {reH} <> but carry extra emphasis.

{not vIbachpu'}	<>
{paghlogh vIbachpu'}	<never shoot him/her!>>

And that concludes this quick reference to adverbials.

¹ There is also the word {je} (<>) which, although it is considered a conjunction rather than an adverbial, it is used in a similar fashion to {neH}. Both {je} and {neH} can be used after either verbs or nouns (though {je} follow one or more nouns, and {neH} a single one).

{qama' vIbach neH}	<>
{qama' neH vIbach}	<>
{qama' vIbach je}	<>
{qama' 'avwI' je vIbach}	<>

² When {neH} <> is used with <> or <> as subject, it can be hard to distinguish it from {neH} <>. Extra pronouns or puctuation can then usually be used to clarify the meaning.

{qama' vIbach vIneH}	<>
{qama' vIbach neH}	<> or <>
{qama' vIbach neH jIH}	<>
{qama' vIbach neH ghaH} or {qama' vIbach, neH}	<>

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